Justia U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals Opinion Summaries

Petitioner pleaded guilty to 13 drug-related charges, including possession of cocaine for sale under California Health and Safety Code Section 11351. In removal proceedings, the agency found Petitioner removable for having committed a drug-trafficking aggravated felony and for having committed a controlled-substance offense. Applying the presumption established in Matter of Y-L-, 23 I. & N. Dec. 270 (A.G. 2002)—that drug-trafficking offenses are, particularly serious crimes—the agency concluded that Petitioner’s Section 11351 conviction was a particularly serious crime that barred withholding. The agency also denied CAT relief.   The Ninth Circuit denied Petitioner’s petition for review. The panel explained that in Matter of Y-L-, the Attorney General instructed that aggravated felonies involving illicit drug trafficking are presumptively, particularly serious crimes and that this presumption may be overcome only in the most extenuating circumstances that are both extraordinary and compelling. The panel noted that the BIA’s particularly-serious-crime analysis here was cursory but concluded that the BIA applied Matter of Y-L- ’s presumption and that the BIA’s decision was supported by adequate reasoning. Observing that neither the IJ nor the BIA recited the Matter of Y-L- criteria, the panel explained that they are not required to do so.   The panel further concluded that, even if it had found that the BIA erred by considering facts not expressly incorporated into Matter of Y-L-’s minimum standard, it would still deny Petitioner’s petition because it was a legal certainty that Petitioner could not satisfy Matter of Y-L-’s minimum criteria. Thus, the panel concluded that this was one of those narrow circumstances where remand was unwarranted. View "KWANG PARK V. MERRICK GARLAND" on Justia Law

The district court increased Defendant’s offense level pursuant to U.S.S.G. Section 2K2.1(a)(4)(A) based on a finding that Defendant’s prior Montana conviction for partner or family member assault (“PFMA”) under Mont. Code Ann. Section 45-5- 206(1)(a) is a crime of violence under the Sentencing Guidelines.   The Ninth Circuit vacated Defendant’s sentence and remanded for resentencing. Applying the categorical approach, the panel held that PFMA is not a crime of violence under the Sentencing Guidelines because the definition of “bodily injury” incorporated into PFMA includes more conduct than the “use of physical force” required by U.S.S.G. Section 4B1.2(a)(1). Under Montana’s unusual definition, bodily injury “includes mental illness or impairment,” and Montana courts have concluded that one can cause “bodily injury” solely through the infliction of mental anguish unaccompanied by any actual or threatened physical violence. Because the court must determine whether PFMA categorically requires violent force—not whether Defendant actually used it in his prior offense—the panel held that PFMA is not a crime of violence under the Sentencing Guidelines. View "USA V. BENITO CASTRO" on Justia Law

Plaintiff alleged that a Transportation Security Officer (“TSO”) sexually assaulted her during an airport security screening. At issue is whether Plaintiff may bring claims for battery and intentional infliction of emotional distress against the United States under the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”).   The Ninth Circuit reversed the district court’s summary judgment in favor of the United States. The panel held that TSOs fall under the FTCA’s “law enforcement proviso,” which waives sovereign immunity for torts such as assault and battery committed by “investigative or law enforcement officers of the United States Government.” 28 U.S.C. Section 2680(h). The panel joined the Third, Fourth, and Eighth Circuits in holding that the FTCA’s limited waiver of sovereign immunity applies to certain intentional torts committed by TSOs. The district court, therefore, had subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s FTCA claims.   The panel considered whether, as officers of the United States, TSOs are “empowered by law to execute searches, to seize evidence, or to make arrests for violations of Federal law.” 28 U.S.C. Section 2680(h). The government argued that TSOs do not “execute searches” by conducting screenings. The panel held that the screenings fit the ordinary, contemporary, and common meanings of searches. View "MICHELE LEUTHAUSER V. USA, ET AL" on Justia Law

Petitioner, a native and citizen of Mexico, petitioned for review of the denial of his application to adjust his immigration status to lawful permanent resident while in removal proceedings. During two prior arrests for driving under the influence of alcohol, Petitioner falsely presented himself as a U.S. citizen. Based on these incidents, the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) found that Petitioner was barred from adjusting status under 8 U.S.C. Section 1182(a)(6)(C)(ii)(I), which renders inadmissible “any alien who falsely represents, or has falsely represented, himself or herself to be a citizen of the United States for any purpose or benefit under . . . Federal or State law.”   The Ninth Circuit granted Petitioner’s petition for review. The panel concluded that Petitioner’s misrepresentations about his citizenship to police officers for the purpose of avoiding removal proceedings did not render him inadmissible. The panel explained that the key question was what it means for a purpose or benefit to be “under” federal or state law. The BIA concluded that this means that a false claim must be made to achieve a purpose or obtain a benefit that is “governed by” federal or state law. The panel concluded that the BIA’s interpretation was untenable, agreeing with the Third Circuit that its construction was unmoored from the purposes and concerns of the statute. The panel concluded that Petitioner’s misrepresentations about his citizenship to police officers did not trigger Section 1182(a)(6)(C)(ii)(I). View "EFRAIN RAMIREZ MUNOZ V. MERRICK GARLAND" on Justia Law

Plaintiff, a former Bureau of Land Management (“BLM”) Law Enforcement Ranger in Idaho, challenged adverse employment actions taken against him by the Department of the Interior and BLM officials. He sued Defendants, alleging a violation of his Fifth Amendment right to due process.   In an interlocutory appeal, the Ninth Circuit reversed the district court’s denial of Defendants’ motion to dismiss an action alleging due process violations and seeking damages pursuant to Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971). The panel held that Plaintiff had no claim for money damages under Bivens. Here, Plaintiff’s claims arose in a different context than what the Court has recognized. Congress has also already provided a remedy in this context under the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. Because this case involves an alternative remedial structure, this case exists in a novel context outside the preexisting Bivens framework. Extending Bivens here would risk impermissible intrusion into the functioning of both the Legislative and Executive Branches. View "DAVID HARPER V. MICHAEL NEDD, ET AL" on Justia Law

The County of Marin (“the County”), at the onset of the pandemic in March 2020, took action to limit the spread of COVID-19 and protect its vulnerable citizens by issuing a public health order that placed certain restrictions on allowable activities. The County continually modified its original health order based on data and increased knowledge of how the virus spreads. During the time that a modified version of the health order was in effect, the County learned of aviation activities by Seaplane Adventures, LLC (“Seaplane”) that violated the applicable health order and began a dialogue with Seaplane regarding its failure to comply with the County’s health order. Seaplane ultimately ceased its operations that were in violation of the County’s health order and filed the suit before us today. Seaplane appealed the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the County.   The Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court’s summary judgment. The panel held that regardless of what the relevant comparison category was for comparing whether the County’s actions were rooted in a rational basis, given that a deadly virus was tearing into the most vulnerable throughout the County, country, and world, the actions of the County met the rational basis standard as it took actions to mitigate the damage of the COVID-19 virus. To the extent that Seaplane was alleging differential treatment between Seaplane and other air carriers providing recreational flights in violation of the health order, the rational basis for the County’s action was also abundantly clear: it simply did not know of the other violators. View "SEAPLANE ADVENTURES, LLC V. COUNTY OF MARIN" on Justia Law

In November 2018, a Cessna Model 525 corporate jet tried to fly from Sellersburg, Indiana, to Chicago, Illinois. It never made it to Chicago. It crashed a few minutes after takeoff in Clark County, Indiana. The pilot of the plane and the two passengers were killed instantly. Representatives for the three decedents brought this wrongful death and product liability suit against Cranfield Aerospace Solutions, LLC, in the District of Idaho. Cranfield is incorporated in and has its principal place of business in England. Appellants alleged that a load alleviation system, the Tamarack Active Winglet Load System—trademarked as the ATLAS system—caused the plane crash. Cranfield helped Tamarack obtain the Federal Aviation Administration supplemental type certification for the ATLAS system.   The Ninth Circuit affirmed the Idaho federal district court’s judgment dismissing for lack of personal jurisdiction over. The panel held when considering specific jurisdiction under the first prong, courts should comprehensively evaluate the extent of the defendant’s contacts with the forum state and those contacts’ relationship to the plaintiffs’ claims—which may mean looking at both purposeful availment and purposeful direction. The panel held that under either approach, jurisdiction over Cranfield in Idaho was lacking. The purposeful direction test cannot support jurisdiction here because Appellants failed to allege that Cranfield injured them in Idaho. The panel agreed with the district court that Appellants failed to establish that Cranfield purposefully availed itself of the benefits and protections of Idaho. The panel declined to proceed to the remaining two prongs of the specific jurisdiction test and held that the district court properly declined to exercise jurisdiction over Cranfield. View "ERICA DAVIS, ET AL V. CRANFIELD AEROSPACE SOLUTIONS" on Justia Law

Defendant pleaded guilty to abusive sexual contact of a child under age twelve. He argued that his plea was not knowing and voluntary, and therefore his appeal waiver is invalid because the district court failed to inform him that his conviction could potentially lead to subsequent civil commitment, community notification, and geographic restrictions on his residence and workplace.
The Ninth Circuit dismissed Defendant’s appeal. The panel held that Defendant’s guilty plea was knowing and voluntary, and the appellate waiver included in his plea agreement was therefore in force. The panel held that the district court’s failure to inform Defendant that his conviction could potentially lead to subsequent civil commitment, community notification, and geographic restrictions on his residence and workplace did not render his guilty plea unknowing and involuntary because these three post-release effects were collateral rather than direct consequences of the plea. Following United States v. Delgado-Ramos, 635 F.3d 1237 (9th Cir. 2011) (per curiam), the panel held that Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356 (2010), holding that the Sixth Amendment requires defense counsel to advise a client whether a guilty plea carries a risk of deportation, does not require a court, under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11, to advise a defendant about possible civil commitment, geographic restrictions, and community notification consequences of a guilty plea. View "USA V. MAURICE HOLLINS" on Justia Law

Petitioner is a native and citizen of Mexico. The Department of Homeland Security initiated removal proceedings against him, alleging that he had entered the United States without inspection at a time and place unknown to the government. Petitioner conceded that he was removable but applied for cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C. Section 1229b(b) and adjustment of status under 8 U.S.C. Section 1255. Petitioner petitioned for review of a final order of removal of the Board of Immigration Appeals. After Petitioner applied for cancellation of removal and adjustment of status, the Board upheld an immigration judge’s denial of those applications and a request for a continuance, and it denied a motion to remand. Petitioner challenged the denial of the continuance and the motion to remand.   The Ninth Circuit dismissed Petitioner’s petition. The panel concluded it lacked jurisdiction to review the claim because—with an exception not at issue here— Congress forbade judicial review of “any judgment regarding the granting of relief under” the provisions governing cancellation and adjustment. The panel noted that, under Fernandez v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 592 (9th Cir. 2006), a court may review the denial of a motion to reopen proceedings for cancellation in certain circumstances, including if the new evidence submitted addresses a hardship ground so distinct from that considered previously as to make the motion a request for new relief. The panel concluded that it need not decide whether that holding survives Patel, explaining that, even on its own terms, Fernandez does not help Petitioner because he did not present a request for new relief within the meaning of Fernandez. View "JESUS FIGUEROA OCHOA V. MERRICK GARLAND" on Justia Law

Believing that two men were about to engage in the armed robbery of a gas station, defendant police officers ("Defendants") approached the Plaintiff's’ vehicle with guns pointed and forcibly removed him. The district court denied the Defendants' claim to qualified immunity, and the Defendants appealed.On appeal, the Ninth Circuit reversed. First, it was not clearly established that the officers lacked an objectively reasonable belief that criminal activity was about to occur. Second, clearly established law did not prevent the officers from suspecting Plaintiff might be armed. Here, Defendants believed Plaintiff was about to commit and armed robbery, which is a crime typically involving the use of a weapon. Nothing gave the panel any reason to second guess the officer's "on the ground" determination.The court also rejected Plainitff's claim that it was a violation of a clearly established right to point a firearm at the Plaintiff and demand he exits his vehicle without first identifying themselves as law enforcement. View "DEJUAN HOPSON V. JACOB ALEXANDER, ET AL" on Justia Law